Reported Speech
The art of reporting the words of a speaker is called narration. The mode of narration is of 2 types.1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech
• Direct Speech : The actual words of speaker. The exact words of the speaker are enclosed in inverted commas or quotation marks and is called quote. The verb used outside the quotation mark is called the reporting verb.
There is always a comma after the reporting verb.
Example: He said, “I am going to School”.
• Indirect Speech : The actual words of the speaker are changed, because they have been spoken by the speaker in the past, hence narrating it in the present will require change in the tense. The words of the speaker are not enclosed in inverted commas or quotation marks.
The word ‘that’ is used before the spoken words of the speaker.
Example: He said that he was going to School.
Different Types of Sentences
When you use reported speech, you either report...
1. Statements: Assertive Sentence
Example: She is a doctor.
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
2. Questions: Interrogative Sentence
Example: Where do you live?
3. Requests/Command: Imperative Sentence
Example : Be quiet
Please maintain silence
4. Strong feelings: Exclamatory sentences
Example: How cold the night is!
Steps to change Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
1. Identifying Subject and object
Example: Lata said to John, “Roy is a good friend of mine”.
Here, speaker(doer of the action)
Lata is a subject,
Listener, (receiver of action)
John is the object.
2. Change of reporting verb
Example: Manuj said, “ I study hard”.
When both speaker (Manuj) and listener (Sanjay) are present then the direct speech is stated as follows
Example: Manuj said to Sanjay, “I study hard”.
Said → said
Said to → told
Say to → tell
Says to → tells
3. Replace inverted comma with ‘that’
Example: Mary said, “She ate the pie”
Mary said that she ate the pie.
4. Identifying Personal persons -1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person and change of pronouns.
|
|
Subjective case |
Objective case |
Possessive case |
|
1st Person |
I |
Me |
My |
|
2nd Person |
You |
You |
Your |
|
3rd Person |
He |
Him |
His |
1st person changes to 3rd person.
2nd person changes to 1st person or 3rd person.
S O N
1st person changes 2nd person changes 3rd person no change
according to the according to the
subject object
5. Update time and place
6. Change of tense
a) Simple present → Simple past
Example: He said, “ I do not like computers”.
He said that he did not like computers.
b) Present continuous tense ➝ Past continuous tense.
Example: He said, “ It is raining heavily”.
He said that it was raining heavily.
c) Present perfect tense ➝ Past perfect
Example: He said, “He has finished his homework”.
He said that he had finished his homework.
d) Present perfect continuous ➝ Past perfect continuous
Example: He said, “ I have been studying since 3’0clock”.
He said that he had been studying since 3’0clock.
e) Simple past ➝ Past perfect
Example: My teacher said to me, “ You answered correctly”.
My teacher told me that I had answered correctly.
f) Past continuous ➝ Past perfect continuous
Example: They said, “ We were enjoying the weather”.
They said that they had been enjoying the weather.
g) Past perfect ➝ No Change
Example: He said, “I had started a business”.
He said that he had started a business.
h) Future tense
Will - would / will be - would be / will have - would have
Can - could
May - might
Must - had to
Example: He said, “I will read the story book”.
He said that he would read the story book.
according to the according to the
subject object
5. Update time and place
|
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
|
Here |
There |
|
This |
That |
|
These |
Those |
|
Today |
That day |
|
Tomorrow |
The next day |
|
Yesterday |
The previous day |
|
Ago |
Before |
|
Now |
Then |
|
Tonight |
That night |
|
Next week |
Following week |
|
Next month |
Following month |
6. Change of tense
a) Simple present → Simple past
Example: He said, “ I do not like computers”.
He said that he did not like computers.
b) Present continuous tense ➝ Past continuous tense.
Example: He said, “ It is raining heavily”.
He said that it was raining heavily.
c) Present perfect tense ➝ Past perfect
Example: He said, “He has finished his homework”.
He said that he had finished his homework.
d) Present perfect continuous ➝ Past perfect continuous
Example: He said, “ I have been studying since 3’0clock”.
He said that he had been studying since 3’0clock.
e) Simple past ➝ Past perfect
Example: My teacher said to me, “ You answered correctly”.
My teacher told me that I had answered correctly.
f) Past continuous ➝ Past perfect continuous
Example: They said, “ We were enjoying the weather”.
They said that they had been enjoying the weather.
g) Past perfect ➝ No Change
Example: He said, “I had started a business”.
He said that he had started a business.
h) Future tense
Will - would / will be - would be / will have - would have
Can - could
May - might
Must - had to
Example: He said, “I will read the story book”.
He said that he would read the story book.
No comments:
Post a Comment