Chapter 3 - Water Resources Notes
1. Water: Some facts & figures• Three-fourth of the Earth's surface in covered with water.
• Out of 100% of water, 96.5% of the total volume of the world's water is saline.
• 2.5% is freshwater
• 70% of freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers.
• 29% groundwater.
2. India gets 4% of the global precipitation.
• Land area of India is 2.4% of the world.
• India holds 17% of the world's population.
3. Hydrological cycle ensures that water is a renewable resource.
4. Qualitative aspect of water scarcity: There's a huge amount of water on the Earth, but the quality of water is deteriorating; due conversion of water bodies to drains etc.
5. Quantitative aspect of water scarcity: Water is getting depleting in quantity due to irrigation due to Green Revolution, construction etc.
6. Qualitative aspect of water:
If the following conditions are being continued...
• Industual waste disposal to water
• Excessive use of chemical fertilizers
• Uses of chemical pesticides
• Rapid urbanisation
• Overpopulation
• Global warming like drought
If the above conditions continue, then we going to run short of water
7. Quantitative of water scarcity:
→ India is a monsoon country with 100 - 120 days of monsoon. Then we are still facing water scarcity - Why?
Answer:
• Growing population
• Expanded irrigation
• Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation
• Hydroelectric power generation
→ India has 10,360 small big rivers. Mawsynram is the wettest place in the world. Water is sufficiently available - but the quality...?
Reasons for the bad quality of water:
• Chemical fertilizers & pesticides
• Polluted by domestic and industrial waste.
8. Why water resource is needed to be conserved?
• To ensure food security
• For the continuation of our livelihoods
• To prevent degradation of our ecosystem
9. Grant Anicut/Kallanai
• It was built on the Kaveri River - Tamil Nadu by the Cholas King Karikala around the 2nd century.
• It is one of the oldest water regulator structures is the world, which is still in use.
10. Sringaverapura water harvesting system
• A sophisticated water harvesting system built in the 1st century BC at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
11. Nagrajuna Konda - Andhra Pradesh
12. Bhopal Lake - Madhya Pradesh
• It is a source of drinking water of the city.
• Built between 1005 - 1055 AD by the Malwa king.
13. Hauz Khas - Delhi
• Hauz meane water tank
• Khas means Royal
• Hauz Khas means Royal water tank
• Built by Allauddin Khilji in 1296 - 1316 to supply water for the inhabitants of Siri Fort.
14. Hauz-I-Shamsi (built by Iltumish, Mehrauli)
15. Agrasena ki Baoli
• Built by maharaja Agrasena (more than 5000 years)
• Rebuilt in 14th by the Agarwal community
16. How do dams help us in conserving and managing water?
• Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rain water that could be used later to irrigate agricultural areas.
17. What are the different uses of the modern dams?
• Irrigation
• Electricity generation
• Domestic and industrial
• Flood contron
• Recreation
• Inland navigation
• Fish breeding
18. The biggest dam in India is Tehri on Bhagirathi river.
• The highest dam in India is Bhakra Dam on Sutlej River.
• The longest dam in India is the Hirakund dam on Mahanadi river.
19. Why multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great controversy?
• Regulating and damming of river affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.
• It controls the migration of aquatic fauna.
• It makes submergence of the existing vegetation.
20. Who are the beneficiaries of multi-purpose projects?
• The land owners
• Large farmers
• Industrialists
• Few urban centres
21. Inter- state water disputes
→ Kaveri river water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
• Disputes have been started since 1870 between princely state of Mysore and Madres presidency.
→ Krishna river water dispute between Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
Maharastra: 303 km
Karnataka: 480 km
Andhra Pradesh: 517 km
→ Yamuna river water disputes among Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Delhi
→ Godavari river water disputes among Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
22. International water disputes:
• Indus river water dispute between India and Pakistan
• Kosi river water dispute between India and Nepal
• Brahmaputra river water dispute between India amd China
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